The lens is a clear structure located behind the pupil, held in place by thin fibers called zonules, which act like bungee cords to keep it stable. The lens focuses light onto the retina, allowing for clear vision. If these zonules weaken or break, the lens becomes unstable and shifts out of position.

This movement, known as lens luxation, can cause significant damage, leading to pain and potential blindness. When the lens moves freely inside the eye, it can increase intraocular pressure, potentially triggering glaucoma.

Lens luxation is an emergency condition and requires immediate veterinary treatment to prevent further complications and preserve vision.

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Glaucoma is a complex eye disease that causes damage to the retina and optic nerve, often leading to vision loss. In cats, its key feature is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

The eye constantly produces a fluid called aqueous humor, which normally drains out to maintain healthy eye pressure. However, if the drainage becomes blocked, fluid builds up inside the eye, causing pressure to rise above the normal level (<30mmHg in cats). This increased pressure damages the retina and reduces blood flow to the optic nerve, leading to progressive blindness if left untreated.

In addition to vision loss, glaucoma is often painful. Humans with the condition describe it as similar to a constant migraine, making early diagnosis and treatment essential for preserving both vision and comfort.

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The retina is a very complex structure that normally lies flat against the back of the eye and is crucial for normal vision in animals and humans. It is a ten-layered neurologic structure that is responsible for collecting light impulses which are then transferred to the brain and interpreted as vision. The first steps and chemical responses that start the visual process occur in the retinal tissues and it is imperative that the retina remains healthy and in its normal position for our pets to have normal visual function. When the retinal cells detach from their normal position, they cease to function appropriately, and the patient becomes blind.

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Corneal endothelial dysfunction occurs in canine patients most commonly as a result of canine endothelial dystrophy and intraocular surgical procedures.

The endothelium is a single layer of cells that maintains the fluid content within the cornea. Endothelial cell population decreases with age and have limited regenerative capacity. The combination of these two factors can cause fluid accumulation within the stroma. As a result, the cornea loses its transparency and the individual may develop decreased vision. Corneal ulcers can ensue, causing ocular discomfort. Canine endothelial dystrophy represents a disease process similar to Fuchs dystrophy in humans.

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Distichia and ectopic cilia are extra eyelashes that grow in abnormal locations along the eyelid margin. In some cases, these lashes are soft and cause no issues, while in others, they can be short, thick, and irritating, leading to discomfort or corneal ulcers.

• Distichia – Extra eyelashes emerging from the Meibomian glands along the eyelid margin.

• Ectopic Cilia – Abnormal lashes growing through the inner eyelid, often causing significant irritation.

These conditions are typically present from a young age and can vary in severity, requiring treatment if they cause discomfort.

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